Suffix and Prefix Rules

Affixes

আমরা জানি যে, নতুন নতুন শব্দ বা Word গঠন, Degree Changing (Positive, Comparative & Superlative), Grammatical Correctness + Parts of Speech পরিবর্তনের জন্য অনেক সময় Word এর পূর্বে বা পরে কিছু Affix (Prefixes or Suffixes) যুক্ত করা হয়।

There are three types of Affixes.

1. Suffixes

2. Infixes

3. Prefixes

Examples:
1. Dishonest (Prefixes)
2. Sponsful (Infixes)
3. Helpful (Suffixes)

 
1. Suffixes: Root word বা মূল শব্দের পরে যে বর্ণ বা বর্ণসমষ্টি যোগ করা হয় তাদেরকে Suffix বলে।

Examples:
1. Use + less =Useless
2. Final + ly = Finally
3. Happy + ness = Happiness
4. Care + ful = Careful
5. Change + d = Changed

2. Infix: Root Word বা মূল শব্দের ভিতরে পরিবর্তন হয়ে  নতুন শব্দ তৈরি করলে, তাদের Infix বলে।যেমন:

Able - Ability 
Life - live

Noun Recognition by Suffixes: -ance, -ence, -er, -or, -logy, -ment, -tion, -sion, -th, -dom, -ist, -ism -tude, -ture,-ty, "cy -ness -ship, (V1+ing) etc.

Examples: ignorance, importance, competence, maker, teacher, creator, technology, biology, element, nation, supplement, prevention, tension, illusion, truth, death, chemist, boredom, freedom, feminist, nationalism, terrorism, attitude, magnitude, feature, future, honesty, popularity, competency, greatness, usefulness, studentship, friendship etc.

Adjective Recognition by Suffixes: (noun + ly), -ble, - al, -ic, -sive, -tive, V3, -ant, -ent, -less, -ful, -est, -tory, -ous, (Noun + like), (Vi+ing), -lar etc.

Examples: Manly, monthly, usable, unable, magical, real, heroic, specific, scientific, exclusive, explosive, educative, negative, used, broken, implemented, important, ignorant, competent, impotent, helpless, useless, careful, beautiful, happiest, contradictory, closest, best, introductory, famous, childlike, regular, popular etc.

               Examples of Some Suffixes

Root Word	Suffixes	New Word
beauty (সৌন্দর্য)	--full	beautiful (সুন্দর)
care (যত্ন)		careful (যত্নশীল)
use (প্রয়োজন)		useful (প্রয়োজনীয়)
care (সতর্কতা)	--less	careless (অসতর্কতা)
fear (ভয়)		fearless (ভয়হীন)
taste (স্বাদ)		tasteless ( স্বাদহীন)

3. Prefixes: Root word বা মূল শব্দের পূর্বে যে বর্ণ বা বর্ণসমটি যোগ করা হয় তাদেরকে Prefix বলে।

Examples:
1. dis + please = displease
2. im + possible = impossible
3. ir + regular = irregular
4. il + logical = illogical
5. in + complete = incomplete

[Note: Prefix এর মাধ্যমে গঠিত শব্দ মূল শব্দের বিপরীত অর্থ দেয়]

Examples of Some Prefixes

Prefix	Root Word	New Word
dis	Agree (সম্মত হওয়া)	disagree (অসম্মত)
	allow (মঙ্গর করা)।	disallow (নামঞ্জুর করা)
	like (পছন্দ করা)	dislike (অপছন্দ করা)
il	legal (বৈধ)	illegal (অবৈধ)
	logical (যৌক্তিক)	illogical (অযৌক্তিক)
	literate (শিক্ষিত)	illiterate (অশিক্ষিত)
ir	regular (নিয়মিত)	Irregular (অনিয়মিত)
	rational(বিবেক সম্পন্ন)	irrational (বিবেক সম্পন্ন নয় এমন)
	relevant (প্রাসঙ্গিক)	irrelevant (অপ্রাসঙ্গিক)
mis	conduct (ব্যবহার)	misconduct (অপব্যবহার)
	lead (চালনা করা)	mislead (ভুলভাবে চলনা করা)
	use (ব্যবহার)	misuse (অপব্যবহার)

Note: যে কোন বই থেকে দেখে নিন।

Suffix and Prefix Rules for JSC, SSC & HSC

Rule-1: Subject (Noun/Pronoun) + verb + object (Noun/Pronoun).

Examples:
1. (Honest) is the best policy.
Answer: Honesty is the best policy
2. (Moral) is one of the greatest virtue.
Answer: Morality is of the greatest virtue.
3. (Happy) lies in contentment.
Answer: Happiness lies in contentment.
4. (Walk) is a good exercise.
Answer: Walking is a good exercise.

Rule-2: The + Superlative Degree

Examples:
1. Morality is one of the (great) virtue.
Answer: Morality is one of the greatest virtue.

2. She was the (tall) girl in my friend list.
Answer: She was the tallest girl in my friend list.

3. Dhaka is the (big) city of Bangladesh.
Answer: Dhaka is the biggest city of Bangladesh.

Also Read: Suffix and Prefix Exercise

Rule-3: Comparative Degree + than.

Examples:

1. Iron is (hard) than gold.
Answer: Iron is harder than gold.

2. My sister was (clever) than your sister.
Answer: My sister was cleverer than your sister.

Rule-4: Adjective এর পরের word টি সাধারণত Noun হয়। i) Adjective (-ant) - Noun (-ance)

Examples:

1. Important-------------Importance
Significant--------------Significance
Assistant -------------- Assistance

ii. Adjective -----------Noun
(-ent)                        (-ence)

Examples:

1. Confident-----------Confidence

2. Independent-------Independence

3. Intelligent -------Intelligence

Viz:
1. It has great (important.
Answer: It has great importance
2. You should have enough (confident) in you.
Answer: You should have confidence in you.

Rule-5: To have verb + V3.

Examples:
1. You have (solve) my financial problems.
Answer: You have solved my financial problems.
2. Who have (plant) the saplings in the middle of the way?
Answer:Who have planted the saplings in the middle of the way.
3. He has already (coax) his parents to go to the picnic.
Answer: He had already coaxed his parents to go to the picnic.

Rule-6: The + Noun + of /Or: Determiner + Noun + Preposition.

Examples:
1. I know the (able) of your sister in this regard.
Answer: I know the ability of your sister in this regard.

2. The (important) of English can't be described in a single sentence.
Answer: The importance of English can't be described in a single sentence.

3. The (chirp) of the birds make me astonished.
Answer: The chirping of the birds make me astonished.

Note: V1 এর সাথে ing যোগ করে Noun এবং Adjective উভয়ই বানানো যায়।

Rule- 7: To be verb (V1 + ing) = Subject কাজ করলে Active

Examples:

1. The girl is (try) to do something for the betterment of her family.
Answer: The girl is trying to do something for the betterment of her family.

2. While he was (go) to market, he said his prayer at mosque nearly.

Answer: While he was going to market, he said his prayer at mosque nearly.

3. She has been (write) a composition on “Covid-19” for twenty minutes.
Answer: Riva has been writing a composition on “Covid-19” for twenty minutes.

Rule- 8: To be verb + V3 = Subject কাজ না করলে Passive

Examples:

1. Eva was (expel) for copying in the exam hall.
Answer: Eva was expelled for copying in the exam hall.

2. An important meeting will be (arrange) soon to take the necessary steps.
Answer: An important meeting will be arranged soon to take the necessary steps.

3. Mangoes can be (turn) into jelly.
Answer: Mangoes can be turned into jelly.

Rule-9: To ছাড়া অন্য যে কোন Preposition এর পরে (V1 + ing)/ Noun লিখতে হয়।

Examples:
1. The people usually suffer for (ignore)
Answer: The people usually suffer for ignorance.

2. You can't expect a smart job without (know) English properly.
Answer: You can't expect a smart job without knowing English properly.

3. After (learn) English, he changed the wheel of his life.
Answer: After learning English, he changed the wheel of his life.

4. Police arrested him for (take) drugs.
Answer: Police arrested him for taking drugs.

Rule-10: Possessive Adjective/Possessive Case এর পরে Noun লিখতে হয়।

[Possessive Adjective: My, our, yours, his, her, their, its etc.]

Examples:
1. I'm unable to measure his (capable)
Answer: I'm unable to measure his capability.

2. His (know) of the English language mesmerized me.
Answer: His knowledge of the English language mesmerized me.

Rule-11: সাধারণত একটি পরিপূর্ণ Sentence বা বাক্য হওয়ার পরেও উক্ত Sentence এ Gap দেয়া থাকলে বেশিরভাগ ক্ষেত্রেই উক্ত gap এ একটি Adverb বসে।

Examples:
1. Eva has completed her assignment (accurate)
Answer: Eva has completed her assignment accurately.

2. (Actual) he is an honest person who never runs after money.
Answer: Actually he is an honest person who never runs after money.

3. (Final) you got your expect a job.
Answer: Finally, you got your expect a job.

4. John joined the war (willing)
Answer: John joined the war willingly.

5. Eva looked upon the creature (inquisitive)
Answer: Eva looked upon the creature inquisitively.

12. To ব্যতীত অনান্য সকল Preposition এর পর Object হিসাবে Noun বসতে পারে। 
যেমন :
i. An ideal student is careful about--(responsible). 
ii. Nowadays, our parents feel a lack of ---(aware) 
Answer:

1. Responsibility

2. Awareness 

13. Article এর পর দু'টি শব্দ থাকলে প্রথমটি Adjective এবং দ্বিতীয়টি Noun হয়। অর্থাৎ, Article এবং Noun এর মাঝে Adjective বসতে পারে। 
যেমন :

1. Adnan is a---(hand) guy. 
2. Eva is a---(beauty) girl. 
Answer:

1. Handsome

2. Beautiful

14. Subject এর Compliment হিসাবে be Verb এর পরে Adjective বসতে পারে।
যেমন :
It is not---(compare). 
This situation is---(trouble). 
Answer:

1. comparable

2. troublesome

15. Am/is/are/was/were/be ইত্যাদি Auxiliary Verb যখন Sentence এ Main Verb হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন এদের পর Adjective বসতে পারে। 
যেমন :
1. The little girl is ---(hunger) 
2. Rahim could be ---(ability) to fulfil his dream. 
Answer:

1. hungry

2. able

Note: এদের পরে Adverb বা Noun ও বসতে পারে, সেক্ষেত্রে বাক্যের অর্থের প্রাধান্য দিতে হবে।